【导读】“ 第20届中日韩居住问题国际会议”圆满落幕。为了更好的分享学术成果，近期本公众号将陆续刊载会议论文。本期刊载的是“自由专题（青年学者）”中方优秀论文，中文摘要和英文全文如下：

  中文摘要

  众所周知，与其他行业相比建筑行业碳排放量巨大。联合国环境规划署在第27届联合国气候变化大会上发布报告指出：“尽管全球建筑行业大力增加对能效的投资，并降低其能源强度，但建筑物与施工建设造成的能源消耗和二氧化碳排放仍然 超出新冠疫情暴发之前的水平，创下历史新高。”该报告还强调“在2021年，建筑物和建设行业占到了全球能源需求的34%以上；在与能源消耗和工艺流程相关的二氧化碳排放当中，其占比则达到37%左右。”在未来，建筑行业节能减排的会成为建筑业从业者的重要研究方向和发展共同目标。

  利用数字技术降低建筑行业碳排放是一个较有效的手段。近年来，信息技术在建筑行业渗透力不足也严重制约其发展。应用数字技术促进建筑行业碳减排，其实施路径有二:一是数字化双碳目标管理，实现节能减排精确规划。二是数字技术在工程项目建设全过程的集成和创新应用。近年间，学术界（如Zulkefli等人）这两条路径方面均做了一些定性及定量的分析。

  基于此，本文首先通过现有研究情况分析“数字化技术”在“建筑领域”碳排放研究的缺口。然后沿着这一缺口方向，利用建筑信息模型（BIM）技术，考虑建筑全生命周期LCA，运用现有不同计算标准对建筑结构及设备进行计算，寻求最佳减碳路径。本文研究的目标分为三个方面：（1）了解建筑领域数字化碳排放的研究现状，寻找研究缺口；（2）通过实际项目 的数字化碳排放计算了解全生命周期各环节碳排放量；（3）通过建筑碳排量数据汇总分析建筑减碳路径。研究内容及方法分为两个方面：（1）应用文献计量学对现有研究情况进行分析，基于citespce和vosviver软件对国外SCI文献696进行现有 研究分析，重点关注BIM和LCA的整合。结果显示：现有研究以美国及中国学者居多；整体研究具备一定基础并处于上升趋 势；现有定量研究是碎片化的;先前的研究是缺少实证，大部分是通过虚拟假设进行推断的研究缺口。（2）基于以上现有研究情况，本文选择了实际住宅案例并应用BIM软件测算建筑全生命周期碳排放量。研究结论显示：通过与20世纪80年代居住建筑对比，在建筑运维阶段降低了38.50%碳排放量，建筑全生命周期碳排放总和降低了27.70%的碳排放量。验证了在建筑全生命周期当中，运维阶段是控制碳排放的重点。除此以外，还进行了不同的围护结构和空调采暖设备性能方案的差异性研究，空调采暖的减碳比例差异达到了20%左右。此项研究填补了现有定量分析的研究缺口，为建筑业碳排放提供实际案例的测算经验。同时，建筑全生命周期控制重点为的运维阶段为行业理论研究提供了数据基础。

  英文全文

  01

  Introduction

  It is widely accepted that the carbon emission of the construction industry is huge in comparison with that of other industries. As reported by the United Nations Environment Programmer (UNEP) at the 27th United Nations (UN) Climate Change Conference, “Despite the increasing investment on energy efficiency of the global construction industry and the reduction of its energy intensity, the energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions caused by buildings and building construction still exceed the level before the outbreak of the COVID-19, reaching a record high.” The report also highlighted that “in 2021, buildings and the construction industry accounted for more than 34% of global energy demands and held a proportion of about 37% among the carbon dioxide emissions related to energy consumption and process flow”(Report on the current situation of the global construction industry in 2022). In the future, energy conservation and emission reduction in the construction industry will become an important research direction and common development goal for construction industry practitioners.

  It is effective to reduce carbon emissions in the construction industry using digitalization technologies. In recent years, the development of information technology has been seriously restricted due to its inefficient penetration in the construction industry. Indeed, digitalization technologies promote the carbon emission reduction in the construction industry through two paths: Firstly, double-carbon goal management is digitalized to realize accurate planning of energy conservation and emission reduction. Secondly, digitalization technologies are integrated and innovatively applied in the whole process of project construction. Such two paths have been qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed in the academic circles (e.g., Zulkefli et al.).

  On this basis, the research gap regarding the application of “digitalization technologies” in carbon emission reduction of the “construction field” was revealed by analyzing the existing research status. Given this gap, building structures and equipment were calculated using BIM technology based on different existing standards and life cycle assessment (LCA) of buildings, expecting to seek for the optimal path of carbon emission reduction. The remainder of this paper was organized as follows: In Chapter 2, the research background and literature review were described. In Chapter 3, the practical case was selected and calculation methods were described. In Chapter 4, the whole-life-cycle carbon emission of a high-rise building was collectively calculated via carbon emission calculation software and compared with the carbon emission of residential buildings in the 1980s. Moreover, the carbon emissions in the LCA and those in different stages were analyzed. In Chapters 5 and 6, the results were checked, accompanied by question discussion and conclusion drawing.

  02

  Research background and literature review

  2.1. Literature samples

  To get the research progress and the latest research trend related to carbon emission and digitalization in the construction field, relevant papers on “web of science” were investigated, and the existing research data were analyzed via “Citespace” and “Vosviver”. First, literature documents were searched with keywords of “carbon emission, digitalization, and buildings” on the basic database—“web of science”. Next, the sources of journals were limited to core compilations and English literature during 2012–2022, and a total of 696 papers were retrieved. Finally, all such papers were exported into pure text files as data analysis samples.

  2.2. Research background

  Fig. 1a shows the number of publications in major countries in the world, which was found to be correlated with the total carbon emissions and population in each country. 

  Figure 1: (a) Publications of relevant fields in various countries around the world during 2012–2021; (b) Publication trend in related fields in countries around the world during 2012–2021.

  The United States and China ranked top two, followed by Germany and Britain. In addition, the number of publications showed an overall rising trend. The statistical number of publications on Web of Science is displayed in Fig. 1b, from which it could be observed that the number of papers involving “digitalized carbon emissions” was on the rise as a whole during 2012–2021. Specifically, the number of publications grew steadily in each year, especially the year after 2020 witnessed the rapid increase in the number of publications, proving that carbon emissions and digitalization will become a research “hotspot” in recent years.

  Taking China with the greatest number of publications as an example, a series of policies in the construction field were introduced to reduce and restrict carbon emissions and develop a low-carbon economy. Under this background, the papers promoting China to achieve the goal of carbon emission reduction has exploded. 2020 is an important turning point marking the change in the number of publications. Since 2020, the development environment of the construction industry has undergone many changes under the policy of “Three Red Lines and Two Concentrations” promulgated in China. The buildings built in the United States during 2020–2050 are expected to account for 30% of the building stock in 2050, making low-carbon buildings a basic element to be considered in any deep decarbonization strategy. Therefore, the new code for energy conservation of buildings (NECB) is proposed in the zero-carbon emission action plan (ZCAP) to ensure that low-carbon technologies and materials are applied to newly built houses after 2025 to achieve a high level of energy conservation.

  2.3. Literature review

  Mutant words refer to words that appear frequently or are used frequently in a short period of time. The advanced dynamics and trends in the research field can be judged as per the changes in the frequency of mutant words(Chen, 2014). As shown in Fig. 2a, words like “carbon emissions and mechanical properties” were mainly mentioned during 2012–2020, along with “digital models and LCA” emerging in recent years. From the timeline view (Fig. 2b), the papers of the same cluster were placed on the same horizontal line, and the publication time was above the view, and the more rightward, the closer the time, and a greater number of clustered literatures indicated the higher importance of the field of this cluster. The timeline view exhibits the time span of papers in the cluster and the rise, prosperity and decline of research belonging to a specific cluster, and the temporal characteristics (the time span of papers in a research field) of the research field reflected by the cluster were further explored. A lot of influential research results have been accumulated by research involving LCA during 2012–2022 and carried forward till now. In 2012, “design” emerged, followed by “BIM” in 2016 and “carbon emissions” in 2021. Thus, it can be seen that “BIM, model, and carbon emissions” have possessed a certain research basis on the principal research line of “LCA of buildings”. 

  Figure 2: (a) List of mutant words in international research on digital carbon emissions in the construction industry; (b) Timeline view of international research on digital carbon emissions in the construction industry

  The following research status could be summarized by searching the related papers from basic data: As indicated by According to National Institute of Building Science (NIBS) of the United States, new information models and standard tools are introduced by BIM into new buildings to improve their planning, design, construction, operation, and maintenance process. Such models and tools have been used or outmoded and contain a large quantity of relevant created or collected information in a format that can be accessed by all stakeholders in the whole life cycle (Gharouni Jafari et al., 2020; Abbasi et al., 2020 a; Ahmad et al., 2012; Alirezaei et al., 2016). Nowadays BIM and sustainability analysis are adopted in the construction industry in Malaysia, verifying that BIM is capable of supporting sustainability analyses since it can facilitate all kinds of functions, e.g., energy, carbon emissions, lighting, water, materials, wastes, buildings and sites, and cost analysis (Zulkefli et al., 2020, Univ Malaya). In the research results of some scholars, the possibility of building design on the basis of the aforesaid elements (LCA and BIM) is highlighted, leading to early design decisions in the design process of building forms, which mitigates the impacts on nature and environment to the greatest extent (Gradzinski, Piotr et al., 2017b; Ohueri, C. Cet al., 2019).

  Quantitative analyses have been done by scholars after such a lot of qualitative analyses. For example, researchers in Bogota, Colombia, checked the performance of Colombian construction projects from the perspective of sustainability by determining the building power consumption and carbon footprint of materials and simulating the total energy included in such projects via the BIM platform. In addition, alternative designs will be generated and the results will be analyzed considering the economic feasibility of the proposed scheme. (Jimenez-Roberto et al., 2017) China Southeast University studied and evaluated the existing building renovation schemes based on the concept of near-zero energy buildings (nZEBs) and oriented the application of life cycle analysis and building information to the software modeling process in the design of building climate change, aiming to improve the energy control during the operation of existing buildings. (Liang Zhao et al., 2021) Scholars from the University of Western Pomerania guided early design decisions in building design based on LCA and BIM (Gradzinski, Piotr et al., 2017) Scholars from the University of Birmingham in the United Kingdom established a 6D building model including a schedule of time and cost with carbon emission calculation and put forward renovation assumptions. (Kaewuruen, Sakdirat et al., 2018) Some Chiense scholars tested the carbon emission difference between prefabricated buildings and traditional cast-in-place buildings using BIM software (Hao, JL, et al., 2020) Scholars from Cardiff University optimized the energy efficiency of building environmental assets operation via BIM. (Petri, Ioan et al., 2017) Some other scholars from Cardiff University built a community-based energy management and control platform using BIM software (Petri, Ioan et al., 2018) Scholars from Cairo University improved the green assessment of buildings through digitalization technologies. (Marzouk, Mohamed et al., 2020) Italian scholars studied the real-time visualization of energy consumption information in the building environment and evaluated building performance through energy modeling and simulation using field data and real weather conditions. (Bottaccioli, Lorenzo et al., 2022).

  Through the above analysis, it could be found that: 1. The existing qualitative research lacks the verification with actual cases; 2. In the existing research, inference has been mostly done through virtual assumptions while lacking the verification with practical cases; (A research model is assumed in the process of research and presents a mutual correction relationship with cases) 3. There are few actual cases for verification, which exist in only a few articles such as “prefabricated buildings vs. traditional buildings”. According to updating and iterations of relevant standards, moreover, building envelopes and equipment performance are the main factors triggering building energy loss, and ultra-low-energy buildings are also internationally promoted, making the optimization of envelopes and equipment performance to reduce building energy consumption a critical measure conforming to standards and catering to the development trend. In this research, the carbon emissions of actual buildings in different periods were systematically analyzed, the gap of fragmented quantitative research was filled, and the model was coupled with a practical case to add evidence data to the existing qualitative research through the practical project verification.

  03

  Calculation technology of carbon emission in the building design stage

  From the previous analysis, the existing qualitative research tends to be mature, and methods have been established. Hence, the whole-life-cycle carbon emissions of a practical case were quantitatively analyzed in this research.

  3.1. Research samples

  In this research, the DOE-2 core developed by Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory was selected as the computing tool. The analog computation of carbon emissions was performed via PKPM-CES carbon emission calculation software in accordance with local standards in Chongqing, China. Moreover, compared with those specified in the current standard and those of basic buildings in the 1980s, and the carbon emission reduction in the building operation stage was analyzed. On this basis, the differences in carbon emission reduction resulting from different operation schemes were revealed.

  An actual residential project (Figure 3) in Chongqing, China, was chosen as the case. This building is located in an area hot in summer and cold in winter, with a height of 90 m, a gross floor area of 17,593.97 m2, and a shape coefficient of 0.38, and the ratio of air conditioning and heating rooms reaches 70.17%.

  Figure 3: 3D geometrical BIM

  3.2. Methodology

  At present, the internationally recognized carbon emission accounting methods are mainly field measurement method, input-output method, material balance algorithm, LCA method and emission factor method. In this research, the calculation method adopted was standardized by the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of China in the form of Standard for Building Carbon Emission Calculation (GB/T 51366-2019) in 2019. The LCA method applied in this standard is applicable to the calculation of carbon emissions in the operation.This method is based on process-based life cycle inventory analysis. It mainly starts from process analysis, explains each process of carbon emission in detail, and then breaks down each process to calculate, and finally sums up the total amount of carbon emission. This method construction and demolition stages of newly built, expanded, and rebuilt civil buildings as well as the production and transportation stages of construction materials.

  3.3. Research program design

  In this research case, the carbon emissions in the production and transportation stages of construction materials were accounted according to the project budget sheet and the list of main material utilization amount. The amounts of different materials used in the project, were accurately calculated, and multiplied by the corresponding construction material factor to obtain the carbon emissions in this stage. The carbon emissions of the building in its operation stage included carbon emissions of the air conditioning and heating system, lighting system, socket equipment, domestic hot water, ventilators, and elevators, and the service life of this building was 50 a. Gas heating was used for the domestic hot water system while electric heating for other systems. The carbon emission of each system in the operation stage was obtained using the energy consumption × energy factor. For the carbon emissions in the building construction and demolition stages, the consumption of each machinery shift and energy consumption in the construction and demolition stages were estimated first and multiplied by the energy factor to acquire the corresponding carbon emissions. In addition, the consumption of different machinery shifts in this project was obtained by analogy to machinery shift consumption of the existing similar projects (Figure 4).

  Figure 4:  Framework of whole-life-cycle carbon emission accounting model of the building

  3.4. Calculation method design

  In China, it is specified in relevant standards that: 1. The software can dynamically calculate the building load; 2. The software can calculate the hourly load of the building for 8760 hours throughout the year; 3. The software can set the number of personnel, lighting power, equipment power, indoor temperature, and heating and air conditioning operation time hour by hour; 4. The software can calculate more than 10 building zones; 5. The software can directly generate the carbon emission calculation report, and the data of typical meteorological years should be used for energy consumption calculation.

  At present, there are mainly DOE-2, DEST, and Energy plus that can satisfy the dynamic simulation calculation and analysis. Given that the Energy plus algorithm fails to meet the very detailed simulation requirements and DEST spends longer calculation time than other software, the carbon emission calculation software of the built-in DOE-2 core was chosen in this research to improve operation time on the premise of high accuracy. Moreover, the data in typical meteorological years in the Standard of Weather Data of Building Energy Efficiency (JGJ/T 346-2014) could be called by this software, including such parameters as solar radiation, air temperature and humidity in typical cities. Then, the loads during 8760 h throughout the year were calculated in detail, and the building energy consumption was solved.

  04

  Case study

  4.1. Basic conditions of the case

  A residential building project in Chongqing, China, was taken as a case. This project covered a gross floor area of 17593.97 m2 and accommodated 238 households. There were totally 30 above ground storeys. 35 mm polyphenyl granules were adopted in the outer wall of this building for the sake of thermal insulation and 45 mm XPS boards were used on the roof. In addition, steel profiles were applied to the frame of external windows, and hollow glass (6 mm tempered glass + 12 mm hollow glass + 6 mm tempered glass) was used to strengthen the thermal insulation and sound insulation properties of windows.

  4.2. Carbon emissions in the production and transportation stages of construction materials

  The quantity of construction materials used was calculated by combining the table of consumption of main construction materials and the engineering budget sheet. The carbon emissions in the production stage of construction materials reached 12914071.11 kgCO2e, and the proportions of carbon emissions in different stages are displayed in Figure 5. Therein, the carbon emissions arising from the production of concrete, steel, rebars, and cement accounted for large proportions, being 41.70%, 21.17%, and 15.11%, respectively.

  Figure 5:  Carbon emissions in the production stage

  The construction materials were transported by heavy-duty diesel trucks (30 t). The carbon emissions in the transportation stage of construction materials reached 402958.66 kgCO2e, and the proportions of carbon emissions in different stages are shown in Figure 6. It could be observed that the carbon emissions induced by the transportation of concrete and medium sand accounted for large proportions, being 68.98% and 17.54%, respectively.

  Figure 6:  Pie chart of carbon emissions in the transportation stage

  4.3. Carbon emissions in the building operation stage

  The carbon emissions in the operation stage of this project included the air conditioning and heating system, lighting system, socket equipment, domestic hot water, ventilators, and elevators. The service life of the building was 50 a. The carbon emission factor of the power grid was taken as 0.9724 released in Central China in 2014, and the gas factor was 2.16 kgCO2e/m3.

  As required in the Design Standard for Energy Efficiency (Green Building) of Residential Building (DBJ50-071-2007) of Chongqing, China, 1. The heating period is from December 1st of the year to February 28th of the following year; 2. The air conditioning period is from June 1st to September 30th. The residential project was equipped with heat pump-type room air conditioners whose performance coefficient in winter and summer was 3. The annual total carbon emission generated by the heating and air conditioning system reached 401881.53 kgCO2e.

  Table 1. Annual heating and air conditioning energy consumption and carbon emissions

  In this case, the carbon emissions of the lighting system, socket equipment, domestic hot water, ventilators, and elevators were calculated synchronously. The specific results are listed in Table 2, and some parameters were solved according to the corresponding standards, namely Standard for Design of Building Water Supply and Drainage (GB50015-2019), Standard for Water Saving Design in Civil Building (GB50555-2010), etc. In the whole year, the carbon emissions of the building in the operation stage reached 813207.29 kgCO2e, in which the carbon emissions of air conditioning and heating systems and socket equipment accounted for the largest proportion, being 49.02% and 35.20%, respectively.

  Table 2. Summary of carbon emissions in the building operation stage

  4.4 Carbon emissions in the building construction and demolition stages

  The consumption of machinery shifts in the construction and demolition stages was estimated according to the values given by Li Y Y et al. and Ouyang L. The carbon emissions in the construction stage and demolition stage reached 113418.68 kgCO2e and 98895.28kgCO2e, respectively.

  05

  Results and discussion

  The 50-year carbon emission of this residence reached 54189708.23 kgCO2e, accompanied by the carbon emission per unit area of 3080.02 kgCO2e/m2 and annual average carbon emission index of 61.60 kgCO2e/ m2, as listed in Table 3. The carbon emission in the operation stage accounted for the largest proportion (75.03%), followed by that (23.83%) in the production stage of construction materials.

  Table 3. Summary of whole-life-cycle carbon emissions of the building

  Considering the research gap mentioned in the literature review (Section 2), the carbon emissions of the practical case were combined and compared with those calculated in accordance with different standards on the basis of the existing quantitative analyses. The carbon emissions after optimizing equipment performance and thermo-technical parameters of the envelope were calculated according to Design Standards on Residential Building Energy Saving 65% (Green Building) (DBJ50-071-2020). The calculation results obtained by conforming to Design Standard for Energy Efficiency 65% of Residential Building (DBJ50-071-2007) are exhibited in Figure 7. The carbon emission of the air conditioning and heating system was saved by 41.61% in comparison with that of residential buildings in the 1980s. The carbon emission reduction in the operation stage and that in the whole life cycle reached 26.04% and 17.24%, respectively, but the carbon emission in the construction stage of construction materials increased by 30.61%. When DBJ50-071-2020 was executed, the carbon emission of the air conditioning and heating system was saved by about 61.51% compared with that in the 1980s, and the carbon emission reduction in the operation stage and that in the whole life cycle reached 38.50% and 27.70%, respectively (Figure 7).

  Figure 7:  Proportion of carbon emission reduction

  The results showed that the carbon emissions in the operation and maintenance stage of the building accounted for the largest proportion, along with the greatest potential of carbon emission reduction. The achievements in energy conservation and efficiency enhancement were explored by optimizing the envelope and equipment performance based on different standards. It appeared the carbon emissions in the whole life cycle were reduced as a whole. Moreover, the differences in carbon emission reduction capacity under different schemes were compared to provide a feasible reference for preparing the technical route of carbon emission reduction from the perspective of operation and maintenance.

  06

  Conclusion

  In this research, 696 academic papers were sampled, and high attention was paid to the integration of BIM and LCA. It could be obtained through the previous analysis that: 1. The existing quantitative research is fragmented after the existing qualitative research; 2. There lacks empirical evidence in previous studies, in most of which inference has been done through virtual assumptions. In this research, BIM and LCA were integrated with the multi-objective optimization algorithm. Based on the acquired data, the following conclusions could be drawn: 1. The digitalization technology can realize carbon emission management of the building within its whole life cycle; 2. The carbon emission reduction goal of the construction industry can be considerably realized through the digitalized management of the building in the whole life cycle; 3. The optimization of envelope structure and equipment performance has a great impact on the carbon emission reduction of building air conditioning heating, with the emission reduction reaching more than 40%, and the emission reduction in the whole operation stage exceeding 25%. The carbon reduction ratio of different schemes of air conditioning heating reaches about 20%。Thus the energy consumption of the building can be substantially reduced through energy use control during operation and maintenance. In the future, the research emphasis should be laid on the settlement of building carbon emissions and the application of platform data on various scenarios.

  References

  Report on the current situation of the global construction industry in 2022.

  Chen Yue. Principle and Application of Citation Spatial Analysis: CiteSpace Usage Guide . Beijing: Science Press, 2014.

  Ansah M K, Chen X, Yang H, et al. Developing an automated BIM-based life cycle assessment approach for modularly designed high-rise buildings. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 2021, 90: 106618.Available from: https://hfbic1b13095ec5284139sooc9kwbfxb0v650ffiac.eds.tju.edu.cn/10.1016/j.eiar.2021.106618.

  Lim Y W, Chong H Y, Ling P C H, et al. Greening existing buildings through Building Information Modelling: A review of the recent devel opment. Building and Environment, 2021, 200: 107924.Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0360132321003280.

  Gradziński P. Application of the Life Cycle Analysis and the Building Information Modelling Software in the Architectural Climate Change-Oriented Design Process//IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. IOP Publishing, 2017, 245(4): 042081.Available from: https://ifbicf9dc47f0938949b3sqqwqvnkp6vco6ncnfiac.eds.tju.edu.cn/article/10.1088/1757-899X/245/4/042081.

  Ohueri C C, Enegbuma W I, Kuok K K, et al. Preliminary evaluation of synergizing BIM and Malaysian carbon reduction and environmental sustainability tool//Sustainability in Energy and Buildings 2018: Proceedings of the 10th International Conference in Sustainability on Energy and Buildings (SEB’18) 10. Springer International Publishing, 2019: 218-227.Available from: https://ifbic1291bd2b93a045d9sqqwqvnkp6vco6ncnfiac.eds.tju.edu.cn/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-04293-6_22.

  JIMENEZ-ROBERTO, Yabin; SEBASTIAN-SARMIENTO, Juan; GOMEZ-CABRERA, Adriana and CASTILLO, Gabriel Leal-del. Anal ysis of the environmental sustainability of buildings using BIM (Building Information Modeling) methodology. Ing. compet. . 2017, vol.19, n.1 [cited 2023-02-05], pp.241-251. Available from: <https://hfbic3f9657d98f944cech66vqn065p9nb6vunfiac.eds.tju.edu.cn/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0123-30332017000100241&lng=en&nrm=iso>. ISSN 0123-3033.

  Zhao L, Zhang H, Wang Q, et al. Digital-Twin-based evaluation of nearly zero-energy building for existing buildings based on scan-to-BIM. Advances in Civil Engineering, 2021, 2021: 1-11. Available from: https://hfbic2610a7a26afd422ds96xnf5ukcwbb6wcwfiac.eds.tju.edu.cn/journals/ace/2021/6638897/

  Gradziński P. Application of the Life Cycle Analysis and the Building Information Modelling Software in the Architectural Climate Change-Oriented Design Process//IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. IOP Publishing, 2017, 245(4): 042081.Available from: https://hfbicf9dc47f0938949b3s96xnf5ukcwbb6wcwfiac.eds.tju.edu.cn/article/10.1088/1757-899X/245/4/042081

  Kaewunruen S, Xu N. Digital twin for sustainability evaluation of railway station buildings. Frontiers in Built Environment, 2018, 4: 77. Available from: https://hfbicea2159755eb04b8as96xnf5ukcwbb6wcwfiac.eds.tju.edu.cn/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2018.00077/full

  Jiménez-Roberto Y, Sebastián-Sarmiento J, Gómez-Cabrera A, et al. Analysis of the environmental sustainability of buildings using BIM (Building Information Modeling) methodology. Ingeniería y competitividad, 2017, 19(1): 241-251.Available from: https://hfbic253cb3a601b84ef2s96xnf5ukcwbb6wcwfiac.eds.tju.edu.cn/science/article/pii/S0048969720313838?via%3Dihub

  Petri I, Kubicki S, Rezgui Y, et al. Optimizing energy efficiency in operating built environment assets through building information modeling: A case study. Energies, 2017, 10(8): 1167.Available from: https://hfbic8558edb76bfc41fds96xnf5ukcwbb6wcwfiac.eds.tju.edu.cn/1996-1073/10/8/1167

  Petri I, Alhamami A, Rezgui Y, et al. A virtual collaborative platform to support building information modeling implementation for energy efficiency//Collaborative Networks of Cognitive Systems: 19th IFIP WG 5.5 Working Conference on Virtual Enterprises, PRO-VE 2018, Cardiff, UK, September 17-19, 2018, Proceedings 19. Springer International Publishing, 2018: 539-550.Available from: https://linkspringer.53yu.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-99127-6_46

  Marzouk M, Ayman R, Alwan Z, et al. Green building system integration into project delivery utilising BIM. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 2022, 24(5): 6467-6480.Available from: https://linkspringer.53yu.com/article/10.1007/s10668-021-01712-6

  Marzouk M, Ayman R, Alwan Z, et al. Green building system integration into project delivery utilising BIM. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 2022, 24(5): 6467-6480.Available from: https://linkspringer.53yu.com/article/10.1007/s10668-021-01712-6

  Design Standard for Energy Efficiency (Green Building) of Residential Building (DBJ50-071-2007).

  Li Yueyan, Chen Jing Carbon footprint of the whole life cycle of buildings , China Construction Industry Press, 2020: 1-290

  Ouyang Lei Research on the management process of demolition construction waste from the perspective of carbon emissions . Shenzhen: Shenzhen University, 2016.

  本文作者

  王瑶，中国建筑科学研究院科研管理、清华大学博士 

  聂影，清华大学长聘教授

  姜立，中国建筑科学研究院有限公司研究员、博士生导师 

  刘平平，北京构力科技有限公司技术经理

  朱峰磊，北京构力科技有限公司绿色低碳事业部技术总监